Name of experiment: Deodorants and Antiperspirants
Date of experiment: 27th April 2016
Lecturer: Prof. Madya Dr. Ng Shiow Fern
Group members:
1. Alicia Ong Su May (A152332)
2. Tasneem binti Mahayudin (A152348)
3. Mohamad Azmi bin Isahak (A153317)
4. Nor Afiqah Bt Mohd Nasir Tan (A154096)
5. Abdul Hafiz bin Zakaria (A144377)
INTRODUCTION
Deodorants are classified and regulated as cosmetics by
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are designed to eliminate
odour. Deodorants are often alcohol-based. Alcohol initially stimulates
sweating, but may also temporarily kill bacteria. Other active ingredients in
deodorants include sodium stearate, sodium chloride and stearyl alcohol.
Deodorants can be formulated with other, more persistent antimicrobials such as
triclosan that slows down bacterial growth or with metal chelating agents such as
EDTA. Deodorants may contain perfume fragrances or natural essential oils
intended to mask the odour of perspiration.
Deodorants and antiperspirants are preparations that can
mask, remove or reduce the unpleasant odour on the body due to sweat. Sweat on
its own does not generally have a smell, bacteria present on the surface of the
skin digests the sweat and the digestion and breakdown products cause the
odour. Therefore, a deodorant functions by decreasing the bacteria population
on the skin or by adding fragrance to the body to overcome foul odour. On the
other hand, an antiperspirant functions by reducing the production of sweat
through its astringent property.
Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms,
while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body
sprays (aerosol), sticks, creams and roll ons.
OBJECTIVE
1.
To differentiate the functions of each of the different
ingredients used in the making of product
2.
To understand the function and rationale of differentiating
the amount or type of fragrance incorporated in the product
3.
To evaluate the quality of the finished product
APPARATUS
1.
Evaporating dish
2.
Water bath
3.
Electronic balance
4.
Weighing boat
5.
Glass rod
6.
Thermometer
7.
Measuring cylinder
MATERIALS
1.
Beeswax
2.
Cocoa butter
3.
Coconut oil
4.
Silicone oil
5.
Vitamin E oil
6.
Corn starch
7.
Different types of essential oil/perfumes
METHOD
AND PROCEDURE
1.
The beeswax and the cocoa butter are heated until they have
just melted. Then, the coconut, silicone, and vitamin E oils are added.
2.
When all the oils and fats have melted, the essential oils/perfumes are added.
3.
Using a hand mixer, the corn starch is mixed in until
homogenous.
4.
The molten mixture is poured into the container and allowed
to cool until it hardens.
RESULTS
Formulation 5: Apple
EVALUATION AND STABILITY TESTING RESULTS
Formulation 1: Citrus
Ingredients
|
Percentage (%)
|
Weight
|
Beeswax
|
20
|
4.0
|
Cocoa
butter
|
30
|
6.0
|
Coconut
oil
|
30
|
6.0
|
Silicone
oil
|
3
|
0.6
|
Vitamin
E oil
|
2
|
0.4
|
Corn
starch
|
12
|
2.4
|
Perfume
(Citrus)
|
<3
|
0.4
|
Formulation 2: Topaz
Ingredients
|
Percentage (%)
|
Weight
|
Beeswax
|
20
|
4.0
|
Cocoa
butter
|
30
|
6.0
|
Coconut
oil
|
30
|
6.0
|
Silicone
oil
|
3
|
0.6
|
Vitamin
E oil
|
2
|
0.4
|
Corn
starch
|
12
|
2.4
|
Perfume
(Topaz)
|
<3
|
0.4
|
Formulation 3: Rose
Ingredients
|
Percentage (%)
|
Weight
|
Beeswax
|
20
|
4.0
|
Cocoa
butter
|
30
|
6.0
|
Coconut
oil
|
30
|
6.0
|
Silicone
oil
|
3
|
0.6
|
Vitamin
E oil
|
2
|
0.4
|
Corn
starch
|
12
|
2.4
|
Perfume
(Rose)
|
<3
|
0.4
|
Formulation 4: Flora
Ingredients
|
Percentage (%)
|
Weight
|
Beeswax
|
20
|
4.0
|
Cocoa
butter
|
30
|
6.0
|
Coconut
oil
|
30
|
6.0
|
Silicone
oil
|
3
|
0.6
|
Vitamin
E oil
|
2
|
0.4
|
Corn
starch
|
12
|
2.4
|
Perfume
(Flora)
|
<3
|
0.4
|
Formulation 5: Apple
Ingredients
|
Percentage (%)
|
Weight
|
Beeswax
|
20
|
4.0
|
Cocoa
butter
|
30
|
6.0
|
Coconut
oil
|
30
|
6.0
|
Silicone
oil
|
3
|
0.6
|
Vitamin
E oil
|
2
|
0.4
|
Corn
starch
|
12
|
2.4
|
Perfume
(Apple)
|
<3
|
0.4
|
EVALUATION AND STABILITY TESTING RESULTS
All of the deodorant products were tested by the
group members. A simple questionnaire was designed to evaluate the
effectiveness of each product and whether the fragrance incorporated is
irritating to the skin. The following are the results from the questionnaire:
Aspect
|
Strongly disagree
|
Disagree
|
Not sure
|
Agree
|
Strongly agree
|
I
like the smell of the deodorant.
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
||
The
fragrance effectively masked my body odour.
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
||
The
fragrance could last throughout the whole day (9 hours).
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
|
The
fragrance vanished after my daily activities.
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
||
I
feel comfortable wearing the deodorant.
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
||
The
deodorant caused irritation to my underarm.
|
3
|
2
|
The stability of the products was evaluated by
placing in warm position (room temperature) and also in sunny position. The
results of the evaluation:
In warm position (room temperature):
Product
|
Observation
|
Citrus
|
No
changes in smell, colour and texture
|
Topaz
|
No
changes in smell, colour and texture
|
Rose
|
No
changes in smell, colour and texture
|
Flora
|
No
changes in smell, colour and texture
|
Apple
|
No
changes in smell, colour and texture
|
 |
| At room temperature |
In sunny position:
Product
|
Observation
|
Citrus
|
No
changes in smell and colour but sweating occurred
|
Topaz
|
No
changes in smell and colour but sweating occurred
|
Rose
|
No
changes in smell and colour but sweating occurred
|
Flora
|
No
changes in smell and colour but sweating occurred
|
Apple
|
No
changes in smell and colour but sweating occurred
|
 |
| Under the hot sun |
 |
| Citrus |
 |
| Topaz |
 |
| Rose |
 |
| Flora |
 |
| Apple |
DISCUSSION
Deodorant
and antiperspirant are different products. Antiperspirant controls sweat and
body odour in two ways which are by preventing sweat reaching the skin surface
and by reducing the bacteria that causes body odour via antimicrobial
ingredients. Deodorants differ from antiperspirants as they only contain
antimicrobial agents to prevent body odour. They do not control the flow of
sweat. Both antiperspirants and deodorants often contain fragrances to help
mask the smell of body odour.
In
this experiment we have prepared five different formulations of deodorant which
contains different types of perfumes. All the formulations contain the same
amount of ingredients. The ingredients for the formulation of deodorant are 4 g
of beeswax, 6 g of coca butter, 6 g of coconut oil, 0.6 g of silicone oil, 0.4
g of vitamin E oil, 2.4 g of corn starch and 0.4 g of perfume. Each product
contains citrus, topaz, rose, flora and apple odour respectively. Precaution
when using essential oil/perfumes has to be taken as they may cause instability
to the products and irritation to the skin.
Each
of the group members is required to test the deodorants. A simple questionnaire
was devised that allow each person to compare the effectiveness of each product
and whether the fragrance incorporated is irritating to the skin. Each consumer
must put the deodorant on the underarm and after exactly 9 hours of normal
daily activities, and the consumer must fill in the questionnaire.
Based
on the results obtained, most of the consumers like the smell of the deodorant.
Secondly, there were two people who agree and only one person who disagree that
the fragrance effectively masked their body odour. Two people were not sure
whether the fragrance masked their body odour. For the third question, two
people disagree while each of the three people strongly disagree, not sure and
agree respectively that the fragrance could last throughout the whole day (9
hours). Next, most of the consumers agree and only two people were not sure and
strongly agree respectively that the fragrance vanished after their daily
activities. The same goes to the next question whether they felt comfortable or
not when wearing the deodorant. Lastly, all disagree (strongly disagree and
disagree combined) that the deodorant caused irritation to their underarm.
For
the stability test, all the deodorants are placed in one warm (room temperature)
and sunny position. It was found that all the products did not have changes in
smell, colour and texture when placed in warm position which is at room
temperature. While in the sunny position, all the deodorants also did not have
any changes in smell and colour but sweating was occurred. This test is
important so that consumers are aware that the storage condition will affect
the quality of deodorant.
CONCLUSION
As
a conclusion, deodorants and antiperspirants are preparations that can mask,
remove or reduce the unpleasant odour on the body due to sweat. Through the
practical, we were able to differentiate the
different functions of each ingredient in
the formula and evaluate the quality of our products. Thus, we can improve our
formulation for better quality, appearances and function of the products in the
future. Different people have different preferences of fragrance, so we need to
prepare a variety of fragrances to meet their demands. In this experiment, we
only prepared five different fragrances which are citrus, topaz, rose, flora
and apple. We have tested the effectiveness by using the deodorants and
answering the questionnaire. Besides, we have also tested the stability of the
deodorants by observing the changes when placed at room temperature and under
the hot sun. It can be concluded that the storage conditions affect the
stability of the deodorants. Hence, deodorants should be kept at room
temperature and not be exposed to high heat and temperature.
REFERENCES
